Chapter 2

While fundamentalisms, fascisms and other systems of oppression shapeshift and find new tactics and strategies to consolidate power and influence, feminist movements continue to persevere and celebrate gains nationally and The rising power of anti-rights actors is not happening in a vacuum. Understanding the rise of ultra-nationalism, unchecked corporate power, growing repression, and diminishing civic space is key to contextualize the anti-rights threats we face today.

Today, considerably more than half of the world’s population is governed by far-right leaders.  Against this backdrop, human rights defenders and feminists are working hard to “hold the line” and protect multilateralism and the international human rights system. They also face the risk that their engagement may bring with it violent reprisals. At the same time, these institutions are increasingly subject to private sector interests. Large businesses, particularly transnational corporations, are occupying seats at the negotiating table and leadership positions in a number of multilateral institutions, including the UN. This nexus of ultra-nationalism, closing civic space, and corporate capture is having a tremendous impact on whether human rights for all can ever be achieved. 

Table of Contents

• Nationalism and Ultra-nationalism
• Corporate Capture: Untamed Corporate Power is Putting Rights at Risk
• Reprisals and Closing Civic Spaces for Feminist Activists, and LGBTIQ+ and Women Human Rights Defenders
• Movement Resistance Story: CEDAW’s Article 16: A Pathway for Reformation of Discriminatory Family Laws in Muslim Contexts 
   

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Expected Resolutions Relevant to Gender and Sexuality

• The rights of the child (EU & GRULAC)

• Birth registration and the right of all to recognition as a person before the law (Mexico, Turkiye)

• Adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to non-discrimination in this context (Germany, Finland)

• Negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights (Non-Aligned Movement)

• Effects of foreign debt and other international  financial obligations on the enjoyment of human rights (mandate renewal) (Cuba)

• Rights of persons with disabilities, digital technologies, and inclusive disability infrastructure (Mexico, New Zealand)

• Rights of the child (focus: Children in armed conflict) (Uruguay on behalf of a group of States from Latin America and the Caribbean and European Union)

• Right to work (Egypt, Greece)

• Right to food (Cuba)

• Promotion of the enjoyment of cultural rights of all and respect for cultural diversity (Cuba)

• Human rights situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem and the obligation to ensure accountability and justice (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation)

• Right of the Palestinian people to self-determination (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation)

•  Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem and in the occupied Syrian Golan (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation)

Communicating Desire

and Other Embodied Political Praxes

Communicating Desire

Host: We tend to think about communicating desire as something that is limited to the private intimacy of the bedroom and our personal relationships. But can we also think of this kind of communication as a structure, a praxis that informs our work, and how we are, how we do in the world?

Lindiwe
I believe that unfortunately in the past, expressing your sexuality has been limited. You were allowed to express it within the confines of your marriage, which was permitted, there have always been taboo and stigmas attached to expressing it any other way. When it comes to communicating, obviously the fact that certain stigmas are attached to expressing your sexuality or expressing your desire makes it a lot harder to communicate that in the bedroom or intimately with your partner. From my personal experience, I do believe that obviously if I feel more comfortable expressing myself outside of the bedroom on other matters or other topics, it’s easier for me to build that trust, because you understand conflict resolution with that particular person, you understand exactly how to make your communication special towards that particular person. It’s not easy. It’s something that is consistently done throughout whatever your engagement is, whether it’s your relationship or whether it’s casual and just in the moment. But I believe that confidence outside can definitely translate to how you communicate your desire.

Manal
Since childhood, a woman is raised with that, “you’re not allowed to talk about your body, you’re not allowed to talk about your desire,” which puts a heavy responsibility on women, especially girls in their teens when they need to express themselves and talk about these issues. So for me I think this is a big problem. You know, I have been married for more than 25 years, but still, until now, I cannot talk about my desires. I cannot say what I want or what I prefer, because it’s like I’m not allowed to go beyond this line. It’s like haram, despite it being my right. This is the case for all my friends, they just can’t express themselves in the right way.

Louise
Personally, I find that expressing our desires, my desires, however that expression comes in hand, has to do with the other, and the gaze that the other would have on me. So this is also something that we can link to cinema. And the gaze I would have on myself as well: what I think I am as an individual, but also what society expects of me and my sexuality. In the past, I somehow did the analogy between what happens in the bedroom and what happens in the workplace, because there is sometimes this dynamic of power, whether I want it or not. And oftentimes, verbal communication is harder than we think. But when it comes to representation in film, that’s a totally different game. We are very far away from what I guess all of us here would like to see on screen when it comes to just communicating sexual desires inside or outside the bedroom. 

Online and Embodied

Host: We can think about the digital world as embodied: while it might be virtual, it is not less real. And this was made clear in the context of AWID’s feminist realities festival, which took place entirely online. What does it mean then to talk about sexuality, collectively, politically, in online spaces? Do we navigate virtual spaces with our bodies and affects, and in this case, what are the different considerations? What does it do to communication and representation?

Lindiwe
Social media makes you feel community-based. When you express what it is that you want or like, there is someone who’s either going to agree or disagree, but those who do agree make you feel that you belong to a community. So it’s easier to throw it out into the universe, or for others to see, and potentially not get as much judgment. And I say this very loosely because sometimes, depending on what it is that you’re expressing, it either will get you vilified or celebrated. But when it comes to the bedroom, there is an intimacy and almost a vulnerability that is exposing you and different parts of you that is not as easy to give your opinion on. When it comes to expressing your desire, speaking it and saying it and maybe putting a Tweet or a social media post, or even liking and reading other communities that are same-minded is a lot easier than telling your partner, “this is how I want to be pleasured” or “this is how what I want you to do next,” because of the fear of rejection. But not only that, just the vulnerability aspect – allowing yourself to be bare enough to let the other person see into what you are thinking, feeling, and wanting – I think this is where the difference would come in for me personally. I feel it is a lot more community-based on social media, and it’s easier to engage in discourse. Whereas in the bedroom, you don’t want to necessarily kill the moment. But I think that also kind of helps you understand going forward, depending on the relationship with the person, how you would engage thereafter. So I always know that if I try to communicate something and I fail to do so in the moment, I can always try to bring it up outside of that moment and see what the reaction would be so I know how to approach it going forward.

Louise
You know the question in films is, I don’t know if the male gaze is done intentionally or not. Like we don’t really know that. What we know is that the reason why sexuality in general has been so heternormative and focused on penetration and not giving any space for women to actually ask for anything in films, is because most of the people who have been working in this industry and making decisions in terms of, you know, storytelling and editing have been white men. So rape revenge is this very weird film genre that was birthed in the 70s, and half of the story would be that a woman is being raped by one or multiple people, and in the other half, she would get her revenge. So usually she would murder and kill the people who have raped her, and sometimes other people next to them. At the beginning of the birth of this genre and for 30 years at least, those films were written, produced, and directed by men. This is why we also want so much representation. A lot of feminists and pioneers in queer filmmaking also used the act of filming in order to do that and to reclaim their own sexuality. I’m thinking about Barbara Hammer, who’s a feminist and queer pioneer in experimental cinema in the U.S. where she decided to shoot women having sex on 16mm, and by doing so reclaimed a space within the narrative that was exposed in film at that time. And there is also then the question of invisibilization: we know now, because of the internet and sharing knowledge, that women and queer filmmakers have been trying and making films since the beginning of cinema. We only realize it now that we have access to databases and the work of activists and curators and filmmakers.

Resisting Colonization

Host: And this opens up the conversation on the importance of keeping our feminist histories alive. The online worlds have also played a crucial role in documenting protests and resistance. From Sudan to Palestine to Colombia, feminists have taken our screens by storm, challenging the realities of occupation, capitalism, and oppression. So could we speak of communicating desire – the desire for something else – as decolonization?

Manal
Maybe because my village is just 600 residents and the whole village is one family – Tamimi – there are no barriers between men and women. We do everything together. So when we began our non-violent resistance or when we joined the non-violent resistance in Palestine, there was no discussion whether women should participate or not. We took a very important role within the movement here in the village. But when other villages and other places began to join our weekly protests, some men thought that if these women participate or join the protests, they will fight with soldiers so it will be like they’re easy women. There were some men who were not from the village who tried to sexually harass the women. But a strong woman who is able to stand in front of a soldier can also stand against sexual harassment. Sometimes, when other women from other places join our protest, they are shy at first; they don’t want to come closer because there are many men. If you want to join the protest, if you want to be part of the non-violent movement, you have to remove all these restrictions and all these thoughts from your mind. You have to focus on just fighting for your rights. Unfortunately, the Israeli occupation realizes this issue. For example, the first time I was arrested, I wear the hijab so they tried to take it off; they tried to take off my clothes, in front of everybody. There were like 300-400 people and they tried to do it. When they took me to the interrogation, the interrogator said: “we did this because we want to punish other women through you. We know your culture.” So I told him: “I don’t care, I did something that I believe in. Even if you take all my clothes off, everybody knows that Manal is resisting.”

Lindiwe
I think even from a cultural perspective, which is very ironic, if you look at culture in Africa, prior to getting colonized, showing skin wasn’t a problem. Wearing animal skin and/or hides to protect you, that wasn’t an issue and people weren’t as sexualized unless it was within context. But we conditioned ourselves to say, “you should be covered up” and the moment you are not covered up you are exposed, and therefore it will be sexualized. Nudity gets sexualized as opposed to you just being naked; they don’t want a little girl to be seen naked. What kind of society have we conditioned ourselves to be if you’re going to be sexualizing someone who is naked outside of the context of a sexual engagement? But environment definitely plays a big role because your parents and your grannies and your aunts say “no, don’t dress inappropriately,” or “no, that’s too short.” So you hear that at home first, and then the moment you get exposed outside, depending on the environment, whether it’s a Eurocentric or more westernized environment to what you are used to, then you are kind of free to do so. And even then, as much as you are free, there’s still a lot that comes with it in terms of catcalling and people still sexualizing your body. You could be wearing a short skirt, and someone feels they have the right to touch you without your permission. There is so much that is associated with regulating and controlling women’s bodies, and that narrative starts at home. And then you go out into your community and society and the narrative gets perpetuated, and you realize that you get sexualized by society at large too, especially as a person of color.

Resistance as Pleasure

Host: And finally, in what ways can our resistance be more than what we are allowed? Is there a place for pleasure and joy, for us and our communities?

Louise
Finding pleasure as resistance and resistance in pleasure, first for me there is this idea of the guerrilla filmmaking or the action of filming when you’re not supposed to or when someone told you not to, which is the case for a lot of women and queer filmmakers in the world right now. For example, in Lebanon, which is a cinema scene that I know very well, most of the lesbian stories that I’ve seen were shot by students in very short formats with “no production value” as the west would say – meaning with no money, because of the censorship that happens on an institutional level, but also within the family and within the private sphere. I would think that filming whatever, but also filming pleasure and pleasure within lesbian storytelling is an act of resistance in itself. A lot of times, just taking a camera and getting someone to edit and someone to act is extremely hard and requires a lot of political stance.

Lindiwe
I have a rape support group. I’m trying to assist women to reintegrate themselves from a sexual perspective: wanting to be intimate again, wanting to not let their past traumas influence so much how they move forward. It’s not an easy thing, but it’s individual. So I always start with understanding your body. I feel the more you understand and love and are proud of it, the more you are able to allow someone else into that space. I call it sensuality training, where I get them to start seeing themselves as not sexual objects, but as objects of pleasure and desire that can be interchangeable. So you’re worthy of receiving as well as giving. But that’s not only from a psychological point of view; it is physical. When you get out of the shower, you get out of the bath, and you’re putting lotion on your body, look at every part of your body, feel every part of your body, know when there are changes, know your body so well that should you get a new pimple on your knee, you are so aware of it because just a few hours ago it wasn’t there. So things like that where I kind of get people to love themselves from within, so they feel they are worthy of being loved in a safe space, is how I gear them towards claiming their sexuality and their desire.

Manal
You know we began to see women coming from Nablus, from Jerusalem, from Ramallah, even from occupied 48, who have to drive for 3-4 hours just to come to join the protests. After that we tried to go to other places, talk with women, tell them that they don’t have to be shy, that they should just believe in themselves and that there is nothing wrong in what we are doing. You can protect yourself, so where is the wrong in participating or in joining? Once I asked some women, “why are you joining?” And they said, “if the Tamimi women can do it, we can do it also.” To be honest I was very happy to hear this because we were like a model for other women. If I have to stand for my rights, it should be all my rights, not just one or two. We can’t divide rights.

Capítulo 1

Mientras los fundamentalismos, los fascismos y otros sistemas de opresión cambian de forma y encuentran nuevas tácticas y estrategias para consolidar su poder e influencia, los movimientos feministas siguen perseverando y celebrando logros a nivel nacional y en espacios regionales e internacionales.

Por ejemplo, en 2019, se dio un paso significativo en el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, cuando la ONU reconoció por primera vez el derecho a la integridad y autonomía corporal. Varias resoluciones del Consejo sobre la discriminación contra mujeres y niñas también reconocen que la reacción está vinculada con grupos de presión regresivos, con perspectivas ideológicas o con el uso inapropiado de la cultura o la religión para oponerse a los derechos igualitarios de mujeres y niñas. También hemos visto progresos feministas en el trabajo de Procedimientos Especiales de la ONU (funcionarixs independientes), tales como enfatizar la obligación de los Estados de oponerse a las narrativas de ideología de género, denunciar el uso inapropiado por parte de los actores antiderechos de referencias a la «cultura», y enfatizar que las creencias religiosas no pueden ser utilizadas como justificación de la violencia o la discriminación.

Índice de contenidos

• Nivel nacional
• Espacios internacionales
• Ejercicio: ¡Esquematicemos y celebremos nuestras victorias!

 Lee el capítulo completo

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Continuez à explorer Incarnations transnationales

Cette édition du journal, en partenariat avec Kohl : a Journal for Body and Gender Research (Kohl : une revue pour la recherche sur le corps et le genre) explorera les solutions, propositions et réalités féministes afin de transformer notre monde actuel, nos corps et nos sexualités.

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AWID began in 1982 and has grown and transformed since then into a truly global organization.

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Read From WID to GAD to Women's Rights: The First 20 Years of AWID

Luz de Plenilunio: Una experiencia BDSM africana

Akosua Hanson es una artista activista radicada en Accra (Ghana). Su trabajo abarca la radio, televisión, medios impresos, teatro, cine, muestras de arte del cómic, instalaciones artísticas y la novela gráfica. El activismo de Akosua ha girado en torno al panafricanismo y el feminismo, con interés en la intersección del arte, la cultura pop y el activismo. Posee una maestría en Filosofía y Estudios Africanos con especialización en Género y Pensamiento Filosófico Africano. Akosua Hanson es la creadora de Moongirls, una serie de novelas gráficas que sigue las aventuras de cuatro superheroínas que luchan por un África libre de corrupción, neocolonialismo, fundamentalismos religiosos, cultura de la violación, homofobia y más. Trabaja como conductora radial en Y 107.9 FM en Ghana.

¿Han experimentado alguna vez momentos de profunda claridad durante o después del sexo?

En estas placas, Moongirl Wadjet hace el amor practicando BDSM con un demonio de dos géneros. De las cuatro Moongirls, Wadjet es la sanadora y filósofa, el vehículo del Oráculo. Su propósito es iniciar un proceso científico y espiritual, un experimento que denomina «Luz de plenilunio» y mediante el cual recorre un arco de tiempo vibracional por sus recuerdos, sensaciones, emociones, visiones e imaginación. Es una forma de viajar en el tiempo con vibraciones para descubrir lo que ella denomina «revelaciones-verdades». 

En esa experiencia, algunas de las visiones difusas de Wadjet incluyen un apocalipsis inminente derivado de la destrucción ambiental a manos de lxs humanos y al servicio de un capitalismo voraz; un recuerdo de la infancia cuando estuvo hospitalizada luego de recibir un diagnóstico de salud mental, y la visión de una historia del origen de Moongirls en la que la figura bíblica de Noé como una anciana Moongirl negra que advierte sobre los peligros de la contaminación ambiental.

Más que una divertida excentricidad para explorar las sensaciones, el BDSM puede ser una forma de abordar el dolor y el trauma emocionales. Ha sido un medio de sanación sexual para mí, pues me ha permitido una forma radical de liberación. Cuando se inflige dolor físico en el cuerpo, se produce una depuración. Cuando se lo inflige con consentimiento, ese dolor extirpa el padecimiento emocional, casi como si lo «llamara» a retirarse. Los azotes sobre el cuerpo me permiten liberar emociones contenidas: ansiedad, depresión, una sensación de indefensión ante el estrés que me abruma ciertas veces.

Cuando practican BDSM como un camino de sanación, lxs amantes deben prestar mucha atención y hacerse responsables de su compañerx.. Porque si bien se puede haber consentido al principio, debemos estar atentxs a cualquier cambio que pudiera surgir en el proceso, sobre todo cuando las sensaciones aumentan. Me acerco al BDSM a sabiendas de que, para entregarme al dolor, el amor y la empatía tienen que ser la base del proceso y así puedo crear un espacio para el amor o abrirme a él 

Los cuidados posteriores al dolor infligido completan el proceso. Pueden brindarse de forma muy simple como dando caricias, preguntando si tu compañerx necesita beber agua, viendo una película juntxs, compartiendo un abrazo o simplemente un porro. Pueden ser expresados en cualquier idioma amoroso que escojas. Ese espacio de contención, en el que se sabe que se han abierto las heridas, es necesario para completar el proceso de sanación. Debido a lo delicado que es desdibujar la frontera entre dolor y placer, ese espacio te enseña mucho sobre cómo poner en práctica la empatía y sostener verdaderamente a tu compañerx. Por eso para mí, el BDSM es una forma de trabajo de cuidados.

Luego de una experiencia sexual BDSM, me sobrevienen una claridad y una calma que me colocan en un espacio de enorme creatividad y me empoderan espiritualmente. Es casi mágico ver cómo el dolor se transforma en otra cosa en tiempo real. De manera similar, esa experiencia liberadora del BDSM en el plano personal le permite a Wadjet acceder a una suerte de clarividencia, sabiduría y claridad que la ayudan en sus responsabilidades como moongirl que lucha contra el patriarcado africano.

Moongirls nació cuando yo dirigía Drama Queens, una organización de artistas activistas jóvenes radicada en Ghana. Desde nuestros inicios en 2016, hemos empleado distintos medios artísticos como parte de nuestro activismo feminista, panafricanista y ambientalista. Usamos poesía, cuentos, teatro, cine y música para abordar cuestiones como la corrupción, el patriarcado, la degradación del medio ambiente y la homofobia.

Nuestras primeras producciones teatrales, «The Seamstress of St. Francis Street» (La costurera de la calle San Francisco) y «Until Someone Wakes Up» (Hasta que alguien despierte) hablan del problema de la cultura de la violación en nuestras comunidades. Otra obra, «Just Like Us» (Igual que nosotrxs), podría decirse que fue una de las primeras producciones teatrales de Ghana en tratar directamente el arraigadísimo problema de la homofobia en el país. En Queer Universities Ghana, nuestro taller de cine queer para realizadorxs africanxs, se han capacitado cineastas de Ghana, Nigeria, Sudáfrica y Uganda. Cintas que nacieron durante el taller, como «Baby Girl: An Intersex Story» (Una beba: Un relato intersex) de Selassie Djamey, se han proyectado en pantallas de distintos festivales cinematográficos. Por lo tanto, pasar al medio de la novela gráfica fue una evolución natural para nosotrxs

Hace como siete años, había comenzado a escribir una novela que nunca acabé acerca de la vida de cuatro mujeres. En 2018, Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) ofreció la oportunidad de un financiamiento que nos permitió producir este proyecto y mi novela inconclusa se convirtió en Moongirls. 

Hubo dos temporadas de Moongirls, cada una de seis capítulos. Entre lxs escritorxs y editorxs que participaron en la primera temporada estuvieron Suhaida Dramani, Tsiddi Can-Tamakloe, George Hanson y Wanlov the Kubolor. Yaba Armah, Nadia Ahidjo, y yo escribimos para la segunda temporada. Kissiwa, artista ghanesx, estuvo a cargo de la ilustración y la conceptualización de los personajes, mientras que AnimaxFYB Studio, un estudio de animación, diseño y efectos visuales de primer orden, se encarga de las ilustraciones.

Escribir Moongirls entre 2018 y 2022 ha sido una obra de amor para mí, incluso un trabajo liberador. Aspiro a explorar intensamente formas y estilos: he incursionado en convertir otras formas de composición, como los cuentos y la poesía, al formato de la novela gráfica. Al conjugar ilustración y texto, como hacen las novelas gráficas, Moongirls busca abordar los grandes temas y honrar a lxs activistas de la vida real. La decisión de centrarme en superheroínas queer, lo cual es muy raro de ver en este canon, cobró un significado mucho mayor cuando en 2021 el contexto en Ghana comenzó a tornarse peligroso. 

El año pasado hubo un abrupto incremento de la violencia contra la comunidad LGBT+ ghanesa que se originó con el cierre de un centro comunitario LGBT+. A ello le siguieron arrestos y detenciones arbitrarias de personas sospechosas de pertenecer al espectro queer, así como de otras acusadas de propiciar una «agenda LGBT». Como colofón, en el Parlamento ghanés se presentó un proyecto de ley anti-LGBT denominado «Los derechos sexuales humanos apropiados y los valores de la familia ghanesa». Este proyecto probablemente sea el más severo jamás redactado en la región, y sigue a intentos similares en países como Nigeria, Uganda y Kenia. 

Recuerdo muy vívidamente la primera vez que leí ese proyecto de ley. 

Fue un viernes por la noche, momento que en general me reservo para descansar o ir de fiesta luego de una larga semana de trabajo. Por puro azar, el texto me llegó a través de un grupo de WhatsApp, como una filtración. Mientras lo leía, una profunda sensación de temor y alarma me aguó la noche de descanso del viernes. En el proyecto se proponía castigar todo actoo de incidencia LGBT+ con una sentencia de entre cinco y diez años de prisión, y encarcelar a toda persona que se identificara como LGBT+, salvo que se «retractara» y aceptara someterse a una terapia de conversión. En el borrador del proyecto se penalizaba hasta a las personas asexuales. El proyecto atacaba todas las libertades fundamentales: libertad de pensamiento, de ser, de tener tu propia verdad y elegir tu forma de vida en función de ella. Incluso iba en contra del arte y las redes sociales. De haberse aprobado, Moongirls se hubiera convertido en literatura prohibida. Lo que el proyecto se proponía hacer era tan malicioso y tenía tal alcance que me postró en una depresión al comprobar la intensidad de odio con que había sido redactado. 

Al repasar mi línea de tiempo en Twitter aquella noche, vi reflejado el terror que sentía en mi interior. Mi línea de tiempo transmitía en vivo las emociones de las personas que reaccionaban en tiempo real a lo que estaban leyendo, pasando de la incredulidad al terror, seguido por una profunda decepción y tristeza cuando tomamos conciencia de cuán lejos quería llegar con ese proyecto de ley. Algunxs decían en Twitter que estaban dispuestxs a dar vuelta la página y abandonar el país. Luego, al mejor estilo ghanés, la tristeza y el temor se convirtieron en humor. Del humor surgió el ánimo para redoblar la lucha.

Entonces, el trabajo continúa. Creé Moongirls para ofrecer una forma alternativa de educación, para brindar conocimiento allí donde el patriarcado violento lo suprimió, y para crear visibilidad allí donde habían borrado a la comunidad LGBT+. También es importante que la práctica BDSM africana tenga esta plataforma de representación dado que buena parte de lo que se ve del BDSM está encarnado por personas blancas. El placer sexual, a través del BDSM u otras prácticas, así como el amor no heterosexual, trascienden razas y continentes porque el placer sexual y sus experiencias diversas son tan antiguos como el tiempo.
 

La Convocatoria de Actividades enumera una lista de sugerencias para formatos y metodologías. Sé creativx y asegúrate de leer la sección «Lo que debes saber».

Stand de Membresía de AWID: Resistir, Descansar, Reimaginar

📅 A lo largo de la conferencia | April 27 - 30
🏢 Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, Booth B17

النمرة.